Ellen Gethin is one of the women I loved researching for my book, Forgotten Women of the Wars of the Roses. She lived in Wales in the 1460s, and was married to Thomas Vaughan, a York-supporting soldier. They lived at Hergest Court in Herefordshire, and Ellen was sadly widowed after Thomas' death after the Battle of Edgecote in 1469, when he was rounded up with other Yorkists after the action and executed at 69 years of age. But Ellen also had her own legend, having supposedly killed her cousin with a bow and arrow, after seeking revenge for him, in turn, murdering her brother after a drunken brawl. You can find more about her story in the book, along with other women of the age who have not been fully recognised in the context of the Wars. 

On her death, Ellen was buried in a tomb inside her nearby church of Kington, Herefordshire. She was laid alongside her husband Thomas, and she commissioned an elaborate tomb complete with effigies of the pair to represent how they would have looked in life. 

Portrait of Ellen Gethin, Jo Romero, 2024

Soon after this description was recorded, Ellen and Thomas' tomb and effigy were disassembled and their parts taken to Hereford, to a stoneworker named Mr Benjamin Jennings. The sculptor carefully reconstructed the couple's missing limbs and replaced their faces. The report of 1847 does state though, that a lion was removed from Thomas' feet, 'because it accorded not with the rest of the work', which is a shame. Lions were a popular medieval and Tudor figure on effigies, symbolising loyalty to the crown. Crucially, because the previous damage to the tomb appeared to have been man-made rather than caused by accidental cracks or chips from centuries of wear, a railing was put up around it, 'which previously', stated our 1847 reporter, 'was not the case'.

Drawing of the tomb of Ellen Gethin and Thomas Vaughan from 1846, in Archaeologica Cambrensis, archive.org

An image of the tomb shows the result of Jennings' work. Fine details of the armour Thomas wore have been preserved, along with Ellen's gown and jewellery. I haven't yet been over to Kington to see the tomb for myself, but apparently you can see the joins where the older parts of the figures meet the Victorian restorations, which is useful. For something that Ellen clearly commissioned with such care to preserve the memory of her husband and herself, it is especially fitting that it was one of her descendants that paid for the nineteenth century restorations. Frances Harley, a Vaughan heir and sister of the Earl of Oxford, is said to have spent more than £70 in restoring the effigies and tomb in 1846, a considerable amount in Victorian money. 

Have you been to see the effigies? What did you think? Let me know in the comments below.

Liked this? You might also like Medieval Residents of Reading, Thomas and Elizabeth Clerk, The Queens of the Wars of the Roses, and Warrior Women of the Wars of the Roses. 

To find out more overlooked women who lived through the Wars of the Roses and what their individual stories tell us about the conflict, Order your copy here at the Pen and Sword website.

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I went to Cardiff Castle many years ago, and loved it. I read all about the owners and occupiers of the building and the renovations carried out up into the twentieth century. But did you know that, among its many owners, there were a number of women? 

In an 1862 edition of the Archaeological Cambrensis, there was an account of some of the medieval owners of the castle, and I was surprised to find so many of them were women. Like Mabel, the heiress of Robert Fitzhamon. Robert was a Norman aristocrat, Lord of the Honour of Gloucester and of Morgan and Glamorgan who owned the castle since 1090. Mabel inherited the castle after his death, and because of medieval laws, its ownership transferred to her husband Robert Earl of Gloucester, the illegitimate son of Henry I. Robert was tasked with making sure Henry's brother Robert Curthose remained imprisoned at Cardiff Castle, and Mabel would have observed the arrangements of how the prince was kept captive. Robert Consul and Mabel are also credited with some of the Norman building works carried out in the early 1100s. The castle transferred to their son William, Earl of Gloucester, who died in 1173. The castle then passed into the hands of the future King John. 

Cardiff Castle, Jo Romero

In the early fourteenth century, the castle passed to Eleanor de Clare, who married Hugh le Despenser the Younger in 1320. Eleanor and Hugh were the subject of some scandal, because of Hugh's close relationship with King Edward II. Hugh was the king's Lord Chamberlain, and attracted the jealousy and anger of various nobles because of his underhand dealings, wielding of power and having no regard for the law. Even in his own lifetime there were rumours that his relationship with Edward II was more than that of a courtier and a king. Edward was forced to stand down as king and allow his young son Edward III to take his place. Hugh was arrested and charged with a number of serious offences, then hanged, drawn and quartered in Hereford Market Place. 

The couple's great-great-grandchild, Richard Despenser, died unmarried in 1414, and his sister Isabel le Despenser inherited his estate. She was born at Cardiff Castle, and worked on improving its strength and appearance, most likely in works undertaken after 1425. She married twice - first to Richard Beauchamp Earl of Worcester who died in 1421, and then Richard Beauchamp Earl of Warwick. The men were cousins. With Warwick, she had a son named Henry, who succeeded his father in 1439, but died in 1446. 

The next woman to inherit the castle was Anne Beauchamp, Henry's sister and the wife of Richard Neville Earl of Warwick, 'The Kingmaker' during the Wars of the Roses. A charter dated 1451 to the castle survives, granted by Richard Earl of Warwick and Anne. Anne was to have a difficult time during the 1470s, when her husband was killed at the Battle of Barnet in 1471, having switched sides to the Lancastrian cause against King Edward IV. She spent her later years fighting for the return of her Despenser lands from the seclusion of Beaulieu Abbey in the New Forest. The castle though, fell to their youngest daughter Anne, who married Richard Duke of Gloucester. Gloucester therefore owned Cardiff Castle through his wife, and later became Richard III with Anne his queen, in 1483. Anne died before Richard, who was killed in August 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth against Henry Tudor. The rights to the castle then transferred to the throne, and the Tudors seem to have kept it within their crown lands. 

Liked this? You might also like The Warrior Women of the Wars of the Roses, The Welsh Legend of Nelferch and Eight Welsh Castles to Put on Your Travel Bucketlist.

Interested in more women who held, lived in and defended castles? You might like my book Forgotten Women of the Wars of the Roses, which takes a look at the roles of women - royal and non-royal - during the conflict. Order your copy here at the Pen and Sword website.

Prefer Tudor history? My second book, Power Couples of the Tudor Era, published by Pen and Sword Books, explores the contributions couples made to their own times as well as how they influenced our own. Order your copy here. 

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Source: Archaeological Cambrensis, 1862, Volume 8, Third Series. J. Russell Smith, London. 

Was it possible to have a real and loving relationship in the centre of the treacherous Tudor court? These couples show that yes, true romance could exist in the royal circles of the sixteenth century. Read on to find out more about these couples, who stood in the face of social structure, religious change and against attacks from their enemies.

Margaret Douglas and Thomas Lord Howard c1535-1537

Less well known than some of the higher profile unions of the Tudor period, Margaret and Thomas stood firm in their love despite hostility from Henry VIII and a sudden separation. In 1536, news of their romance - and possible secret marriage - trickled around the court, something they had until then kept under wraps. It's certain that courtiers would have known of the relationship, but when he found out about it, Henry was furious. Margaret was his niece, the daughter of his sister Margaret Tudor. Howard was a younger son of the Duke of Norfolk. Henry convinced himself that Howard was aiming to take control of the throne, and had him charged with treason and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Margaret was also imprisoned, later moved to Sion Abbey. However this did not stop the couple communicating. Their poetry to one another survive, with Thomas expressing frustration of being separated from his loved one and that he will not give up on her. Margaret's words are defiant, cursing those that separated them and assuring him that she knows he will not 'slack his love'. Thomas sadly died in the Tower, and Margaret returned to court. But their relationship was always remembered by Margaret, who lived to be influential during the later sixteenth century in the reign of Elizabeth I. Find out more about them here. 

Thomas Lord Howard and Margaret Douglas, artwork by Georgina Romero

Katherine Willoughby and Richard Bertie c1549-1580

Katherine is better known for her marriage to Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. She was just a teenager when she became Brandon's duchess, the duke eager to acquire her Willoughby lands in an arranged match. However after Brandon's death Katherine married again, a man she had known for many years with no dukedom, earldom or any other title. Richard Bertie served in Katherine's household and administered her estates, dealt with contractors and tenants and generally ensured the smooth running of her business. A romance blossomed between them and they married in around 1549. As Protestants during the reign of Mary I and Philip of Spain, they were seen as attractive scapegoats to punish for their adherence to the Protestant faith. They fled into exile, and established a community of like-minded people in Europe. Their story is one of resilience, risk and defiance. Find out more about them here. 

Katherine Willoughby and Richard Bertie, artwork by Georgina Romero

Katherine of Aragon and Henry VIII 1509-1533

We all known how the marriage of Katherine and Henry ended up: their union was annulled so that Henry could marry Anne Boleyn and attempt to secure his succession with a line of heirs. Katherine died at Kimbolton Castle with ladies of her household in attendance, still swearing that she was the rightful Queen of England. But in the beginning, the couple were very much in love. They symbolised a new start for the Tudor dynasty - two young royals clothed in velvets, silks and cloth of gold who loved music, masques and dancing. They were a true Renaissance couple, Henry embarking on war with France and Katherine defending the realm from Scottish attack during his absence. Henry even had a special screen built that looked down on the quire of St George's Chapel in Windsor so that Katherine could view ceremonies there, and their intertwined K&H still survive on Henry's armour in the Tower of London. Find out more.

Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon, artwork by Georgina Romero

Elizabeth of York and Henry VII 1485-1503

For a marriage that was forged in politics, Elizabeth and Henry grew to really love one another, with a playful fondness emanating through from the sources. Their relationship attempted to end the Wars of the Roses, which was fought since the 1450s in a tussle for the throne between the houses of York and Lancaster. With Elizabeth the daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville (Yorkists) and Henry the son of Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor (Lancastrians), their union was meant to appease both sides of the conflict. Evidence shows that Elizabeth was just as keen as Henry to join with him in marriage, and the couple concentrated on keeping the royal nursery topped up with heirs. Elizabeth also attended and took part in negotiations, personally wrote to Ferdinand of Spain and was instrumental in Katherine of Aragon's arrival in England. They consoled one another, playfully fought over letters and gave one another thoughtful gifts. Find out more here.

Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, artwork by Georgina Romero

Robert Dudley and Elizabeth I c1541-1588

A lot of discussions over this couple focus on whether or not they ever had a sexual relationship. But even ignoring this completely, there is plenty of evidence that Robert Dudley and Elizabeth had a long and loving partnership of over 40 years. Robert was often positioned as a husband for the queen, from her accession in 1558 to 1575. There were rumours that the couple had children and had secretly married, showing that they were publicly close enough for this gossip to be believed. Elizabeth nominated Robert as her regent in case she died, and he helped push changes in legislation for her protection and safety. Robert never wavered in his belief in Elizabeth and England's power and Elizabeth rewarded him with positions in the centre of government. There is also evidence that together they shaped the cultural and political history of the age, and that their goals for the kingdom were aligned. In many ways, their differing status meant that they close and loving friendship was not able to publicly become more. But that they had a profound love for one another can't be doubted. Find more evidence about their relationship here. 

Elizabeth I and Robert Dudley, artwork by Georgina Romero

These couples - and more - are discussed in more detail in my second book, Power Couples of the Tudor Era, published by Pen and Sword Books. It explores the contributions couples made to their own times as well as how they influenced our own. Order your copy here. 

Have you ever seen a little ring of mushrooms or toadstools on a green or in the woods? Our ancestors applied mystical and superstition meanings to these strange sights, believing them to be the work of fairies. Even in the 1980s I was told never to enter into a fairy ring if I saw one, in fear of upsetting the tiny creatures who lived there. 

Mary Neilson was an orphan who lived with her grandmother near the Scottish town of Falkirk. Her story dates to at least 1847, when neighbours assured a curious visitor that the legend of her tale was true. What happened to Mary later became used as a warning to other children to stay away from fairy rings. 

Mary had left the home of her grandmother to pick flowers in the nearby moor, close to a farm called Bentend. She was just seven years old, and on stopping to pick some wildflowers, saw a fairy. The legend goes that the fairy told Mary to come with her. 

Photo by R. David Cummins on Unsplash

Mary went with the fairy, who took her to a beautiful waterside, a lake with two swans, whose wings 'glittered in the light'. One approached the fairy while the other went to Mary. They then entered a wood, the light reflecting off the leaves of the trees, reminding the young girl of flashes of silver. Eventually, the fairy told Mary that she would stay with them and be their queen. Mary refused, saying she needed to get back to her grandmother. The fairy said 'refuse not', but Mary wouldn't budge. The fairy took her back to the fairy ring, but is said to have then blinded the young girl 'in revenge'. 

A shepherd found Mary crying in the fairy ring, and asked her what was the matter. Saying she couldn't see, he asked where she had come from. Mary told him about her grandmother's house, and he took her there. On the way the girl told him of the story of the swans, the woods and the fairy. Her story was shared in the local community, who asserted that it must have been the fairies that caused blindness because 'her looks were not changed. Her eye was as full of beauty as ever'.

It was said too, that on every seventh anniversary of the fairy appearing (seven being her age at the time of the occurrence) two swans came to low water near Bentend 'and when they fly away they seemed to carry the moonlight on their wings'. 

Although the writer who recorded Mary's legend, in the Scottish Journal of Topography, Antiquities, Traditions, stated that it was within living memory in 1847, there is no date given in any of the accounts of the actual event. However it is possible to place Mary's experience to at least 1833. The regular occurrence of the swans at the anniversary states that it happened on each anniversary and so must have been more than 14 years to establish a pattern. Of course, the legend might even be older. Fairy rings have held a superstitious importance for a long time, and, like mermaids, were used to convince children from wandering deep into woods, or towards water, alone. 

While I love to believe that there are little fairy-like creatures living in our woods, it is of course possible that Mary invented the story to try to get herself out of trouble. Some species of woodland fungus can cause blindness (which I found after a quick Google search). Bacteria in woodland soil can also have this effect, although I couldn't find out how quickly it takes effect. Is it possible too, that some wild mushrooms, known for their hallucinogenic properties, might have given Mary the idyllic experience she later described? Of the light shining like silver, reflecting on leaves and on the wings of swans, along with the episode and dialogue with the fairy? I'm leaning towards the whole event being led by the dangerous effects of the mushrooms (and the soil) she was around, combined with (likely) having been told to stay away from fairy rings, as was the old custom. If she then ventured out and picked flowers in them (and maybe, in curiosity, some of the mushrooms too), she could have transferred particles of them onto her eyes and into her mouth. She would have been understandably frightened at the loss of her sight. Worried about more repercussions, the story could have been invented to put the blame on someone else, in this case, a malicious fairy. Just an idea. 

In any case, this is a valuable piece of history that tells us that fairy ring superstitions were still very active, and believed, in early nineteenth century Falkirk. The Victorian author noted that 7 May 1848 was the next anniversary, and invited the reader to visit Bentend to see if they can see the enchanted swans for themselves. The next anniversary at the time of writing is 7 May 2030 so if you're around, maybe pay a visit - but stay away from any fairy rings!

Source: The Scottish Journal of Topography, Antiquities, Traditions. Volume 1. 1848-1848. Edinburgh, 1848.

History is long list of dates, names and events that can make it, at time, feel impersonal and hide the real tragedy that existed for those living through it. 

The other day I was looking through an inventory of belongings of the Scottish kings and queens, dating from the late fifteenth century. In a list of hangings, beds and other furnishings made in 1561 I saw a note in one of the margins: 'tint in the king's ludgeing'. The clerk's job was to account for any possessions that were gifted, lent or that broke or needed mending. On this occasion, he was recording damage caused to the belongings of Lord Darnley, in the explosion that took his life on the night of 9-10 February 1567. 

Lord Darnley, Public Domain, Rijksmuseum

Darnley was an erratic and ambitious man, the husband of Mary, Queen of Scots. She had famously married him after Elizabeth I offered her own court favourite Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester as a husband to the Scottish Queen. Elizabeth, who called Darnley 'yonder long lad', on account of his height of 6ft 2 inches, would keep a close eye on Mary as a contender for the English throne. Both shared a grandfather in Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, Elizabeth descended from their son Henry - and Mary from Henry's sister Margaret. But by 1567 Darnley had shown that he was a disrespectful and careless king. There are reports that he neglected to go to church with Mary for worship, and rumours of his sexual infidelity. Bursting into a room with Mary heavily pregnant and stabbing her close advisor David Rizzio at Holyrood in 1566 was a scandalous event that shocked people who heard about it all over Europe. With Mary already trying to remove herself from the marriage, suspicious eyes also turned on her when his half-naked body was found in the orchard of his home at Kirk O Fields in Edinburgh. An explosion caused by gunpowder had propelled him out of his lodgings through a window. This sudden and violent death came just eleven months after Rizzio's murder. 

What is interesting about the royal inventory is that each item that was lost or destroyed in the explosion was recorded, and so we can piece together what Darnley's lodgings would have looked like on that winter night in 1567.

The king slept in style, and in August 1565 Mary had given him a bed decorated in shades of violet, gold and silver. It was a four-posted bed, with hangings around it also in violet damask, fairly plain and without fringes. The inventory states that this was lost in the king's lodgings as a result of the blast and was recorded as a:

‘bed of violett broun velvot pasmentit with a pasment maid of gold and silver furnissit with ruif head pece and pandis and thre under pandis. Off the quhilkis under pandis there is ane bot half pasmentit and thre courtingis [curtains] of violet dames [damask] without frenyeis [fringes] or pasment upon the same courtingis’.

Another bed was described as lost in his chambers, one probably for Darnley's use and the other likely to have been that of a servant, accompanying official or chamberlain. This one was silver and green damask: 

'A bed of grene dames garnisit with ruis heidpece three single pandis twa underpandis and three curtenis all pasmentit with silvir pasmentis and freinyeit with silvir and grene silk togiddir with a covering of grene taffeteis stickit and one little burdclaith of grene velvot'.

Darnley also had a cloth of estate - a usually sumptuous fabric which was suspended above a chair when the lord or royal dined or greeted guests. It signalled his or her status and importance and conveyed an air of authority. Darnley's was made with black velvet with a fringe of black silk. The fact it was black also signalled that you were in the company of someone of importance, with black being expensive to buy due to the dyes needed. In the inventory the cloth of estate was also destroyed, and noted as 

'Ane claith [cloth] of estate of blak velvot furnisit with thre pandis and the tail all freinyeit [fringed] with blak silk.'

In addition, Darnley's red and green velvet cushions were lost in the blaze: 

'Foure cusscheonis of reid velvot

Three cusscheonis of grene velvot'

The scene after Darnley's murder. Wikimedia Commons.

He also had a number of tapestries hung in his lodgings for decoration and to keep the rooms warm unfurled against cold plastered walls. They also conveyed opulence, being expensive to create and made from the best quality materials. Sometimes pieces were woven with real gold and silver thread. Six pieces of a tapestry of the 'hunter of coninghis' [the hunter of rabbits] were ruined, leaving one that survived. These were hanging, at the time of the explosion, in Darnley's garderobe, usually the room that contained the toilet. Sometimes the garderobe though was used to describe the room clothing was kept in. In any case, it probably made sense to keep a toilet or a dressing room warm. 

'Ane tapestrie of the hunter of coninghis [conys - 'rabbits'] contening seven peces – sex of thir peces wes tint in the K. gardrop at his death.'

Other tapestries were recorded as destroyed too, but they seem to have been less expensive. Six of them were lost, and they were described as:

‘peces of teapestrie of all fortis mekle and little auld and new’.

There were also:

Scheittis [sheets] of hollane [holland cloth] and lyning alsweill great as small auld and new'.

Seeing items like this described in first-hand accounts really bring home the terror of that night in Edinburgh in 1567, and the death of a man whose presence changed history. 

Liked this? You might also like A Review of Sarah Gristwood's Game of Queens, Tudor Wedding Dresses and Sir Gawain's Skull at Dover Castle.

Mary Queen of Scots features heavily in my second book, Power Couples of the Tudor Era, published by Pen and Sword Books. It explores the contributions couples made to their own times as well as how they influenced our own. She is discussed in terms of the relationship between Bess of Hardwick and George Talbot Earl of Shrewsbury. Order your copy here.